6 Minute Read
Reviewed By: Dr. Scott Jordan
Cervical cancer is cancer that occurs in the cells of the cervix, located at the lower end of the uterus in the female reproductive system. The disease progresses over time, and early detection through cervical cancer screenings can improve treatment outcomes.
What are the tests used for cervical cancer screenings?
There are two tests used for cervical cancer screenings: the Pap test and the HPV test. Both tests involve taking a sample of tissue from the cervix, which goes to a laboratory for testing.
Pap test
Sometimes called a Pap smear or cervical cytology, a Pap test detects abnormal cells in the cervix. Abnormal cells include cancerous and precancerous cells. A precancerous cell is one that has already undergone changes and could develop into cancer in the future. In some cases, a Pap test may also reveal infections or inflammation.
HPV test
An HPV test detects certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) that make a woman more likely to develop cervical cancer.
HPV is a type of virus that can be a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It spreads through skin-to-skin contact. A person with HPV can pass it on to a partner during vaginal, oral or anal sex. There are more than 200 types of HPV, and only a small fraction of them cause cervical cancer.
HPV/Pap test
An HPV/Pap test includes both a Pap test and an HPV test. It finds abnormal cells in the cervix as well as high-risk forms of HPV.
Early detection saves lives — schedule your screening today.
What to expect during a cervical cancer screening
Typically, a medical provider performs a cervical cancer screening test during an in-office visit. Screenings may occur during a routine visit to an OB-GYN or be scheduled as a separate appointment.
Before testing
You should not undergo cervical cancer screenings during your menstrual period. Keep your cycle in mind when scheduling an appointment to help you avoid the need to reschedule.
For two days before a Pap test, HPV test or HPV/Pap test, you generally shouldn’t:
• Douche
• Have vaginal sex
• Use tampons
• Insert birth control products, lubricants, medicines or personal care products into the vagina
Urinating right before the test can help reduce discomfort during the screening.
During testing
During a Pap test, HPV test or HPV/Pap test, you’ll lie on an examination table with your feet in metal stirrups. The medical provider will insert a metal or plastic tool called a speculum into the vagina and use it to widen the opening. Then the provider will insert a soft brush to gather cells from the cervix. After collecting the cells, the speculum will be removed.
Discomfort may occur during the test, but it is usually mild. Some women compare it to the feeling of menstrual cramps.
After testing
Once the test is complete, you can drive yourself home and return to your normal activities right away. You may experience mild bleeding (spotting) after the test — wearing a pantyliner can help manage this side effect.
Results from cervical cancer screening tests are usually available within three weeks.
When should a woman undergo cervical cancer screening?
Various organizations develop screening guidelines for cervical cancer based on age and risk. The following are the guidelines developed by the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) and the American Cancer Society (ACS):
Age 21 – 29
According to USPSTF, women should get their first Pap test at age 21. However, those who are sexually active may benefit from getting a Pap test sooner. After the initial Pap test, women should repeat the screening every three years.
ACS recommends HPV testing every five years starting at age 25 and continuing through age 65. If a standalone HPV test is unavailable, ACS advises that women get a Pap test every three years or an HPV/Pap test every five years up to the age of 65.
Age 30 – 65
From ages 30 to 65, the USPSTF guidelines suggest one of the following testing schedules:
• HPV/Pap test every five years
• Pap test every three years
• HPV test every five years
Over age 65
Women who have never received abnormal results from cervical cancer screenings in the past may not need to continue with testing after the age of 65. Those who have a history of abnormal results within the last 10 years may need continued screening.
Exceptions
Women who are at high risk for cervical cancer may benefit from more frequent screenings. Risk factors include:
• Being HIV positive
• Having a weakened immune system due to a medical condition or medication
• Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES) before birth. This medication was prescribed for pregnant women through the mid-1970s.
• Recent abnormal cervical cancer screening or biopsy results
• Having a personal history of cervical cancer
Those who previously had a total hysterectomy (removal of the uterus and the cervix) for a reason other than previous cervical cancer typically don’t need cervical cancer screenings.
Stay informed about cervical cancer risks and prevention.
Knowing when to get screened
Since there is variation in the guidelines, you should discuss cervical cancer screenings with your medical provider. Together, you and your doctor can weigh the risks and benefits of cervical cancer screening and decide on a screening schedule based on your age, medical history and other factors.
What are the benefits of cervical cancer screening?
The benefit of cervical cancer screening is earlier diagnosis of abnormal cells or cervical cancer.
Abnormal cells in the cervix typically don’t develop into cancer for three to seven years, so treatments can help prevent cancer from occurring.
If you already have cervical cancer, early detection can improve the outcomes of cancer treatment. When diagnosed early before cancer has spread, the five-year survival rate for cervical cancer is 91.2%.
Are there any risks associated with cervical cancer screening?
Before undergoing a cervical cancer screening, you should be aware of potential risks, including the following:
Unnecessary follow-up
In some cases, abnormal cells in the cervix may resolve on their own. Consequently, screening tests may lead to treatments and further testing that is unnecessary in the long run.
Organizations have factored this into screening guidelines. The recommended timing for cervical cancer screenings gives abnormal cells a chance to disappear without treatment. This limits the risk of unnecessary follow-up.
False-positive results
In some cases, cervical cancer screenings may detect cancer or abnormal cells in error. Women who receive false-positive results may experience anxiety and undergo unnecessary follow-up tests.
False-negative results
Although cervical cancer screening tests are highly accurate, false-negative results can occur. Someone who receives false-negative results may not seek treatment, even if they have symptoms of cervical cancer.
Take action for your health
Cervical cancer screening is a crucial step in safeguarding your health and well-being. Don't wait—schedule your cervical cancer screening today. Speak with your medical provider to determine the best screening schedule for you based on your age, medical history, and risk factors. By staying informed and proactive, you're taking an essential step toward protecting yourself from cervical cancer.